What we cite, and why it matters
Religious content on tawaaf.com — the dua library, the Rituals walkthrough, and the Prepare page — is grounded in classical sources. Every dua we publish carries an inline citation. This page lists the editions and translations we work from.
The internet has plenty of duas with no chain back to a hadith collection. We don't publish those. If a piece of religious content does not have a clean source, we either omit it or flag the absence.
Qur'anic text
- Arabic text. The Madani Mushaf (King Fahd Glorious Qur'an Printing Complex), uthmani script.
- English translation. Sahih International (1997, revised 2010), preferred for clarity. Where another translation reads more accurately for a particular verse we say so in a footnote.
Hadith collections
| Collection | Edition we cite |
|---|---|
| Sahih al-Bukhari | Dar Tawq al-Najat, Beirut, 9 vols. |
| Sahih Muslim | Dar Ihya al-Turath al-Arabi, Beirut, 5 vols. |
| Sunan Abu Dawud | Maktabat al-Asriyya, Beirut |
| Jami al-Tirmidhi | Dar al-Gharb al-Islami, Beirut |
| Sunan al-Nasa'i (Mujtaba) | Maktab al-Matbu'at al-Islamiyya, Aleppo |
| Sunan Ibn Majah | Dar Ihya al-Kutub al-Arabiyya, Cairo |
| Sunan al-Kubra (al-Nasa'i) | Mu'assasat al-Risalah, Beirut, 12 vols. (ed. Hasan 'Abd al-Mun'im Shalabi) |
| Muwatta' Malik | Mu'assasat al-Risalah, Beirut (ed. Bashshar Awwad Ma'ruf) — cited by chapter and hadith number as in the al-Layth recension. |
| al-Mu'jam al-Kabir (al-Tabarani) | Maktabat Ibn Taymiyyah, Cairo |
| Sunan al-Kubra (al-Bayhaqi) | Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyyah, Beirut |
For dua compendia we draw on:
- Hisn al-Muslim (The Muslim's Fortress) by Sa'id ibn 'Ali ibn Wahf al-Qahtani — the standard reference for daily and journey duas. We cite the Dar al-Wasilah, Riyadh edition, which carries al-Qahtani's own takhrij (citation work) on every entry; entry numbers we use match that edition.
- Al-Adhkar by Imam al-Nawawi (d. 676 AH) — classical compilation, broader scholarly framing. Edition: Dar al-Fikr, Damascus (ed. 'Abd al-Qadir al-Arna'ut).
- Riyad al-Salihin by Imam al-Nawawi — supplementary reference for general supplications and adab. Edition: Mu'assasat al-Risalah, Beirut.
- Silsilat al-Ahadith al-Sahihah and Silsilat al-Ahadith al-Da'ifah by Muhammad Nasir al-Din al-Albani — used for cross-checking gradings, particularly where Hisn al-Muslim or popular sources differ from al-Albani's takhrij.
Authentication tags
Each dua entry in our library carries one of the following gradings, applied by the original collector or by a recognised hadith scholar (Albani, Shu'ayb al-Arna'ut, etc.):
- Sahih — authentic, with a sound chain of transmission.
- Hasan — good, with a chain that meets the threshold for use in practice.
- Da'if — weak. We publish very few of these and only where they relate to virtuous deeds (fada'il al-a'mal) and where the wider scholarly tradition has accepted them.
- Mustahab from Qur'an / Sunnah — for general supplications drawn directly from the Qur'an or from a well-established prophetic practice.
Where scholars disagree
On many ritual details there is more than one valid scholarly position. The Rituals page surfaces all four Sunni madāhib — Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i, and Hanbali — on contested points, with the practical takeaway flagged at the end of each "Where scholars differ" block. We do not pick a single school silently; where a particular school's position is operationally lighter or stricter, we say so and let the reader follow their own teacher.
For madhhab-specific reasoning we draw on the recognised fiqh compendia of each school — al-Mughni (Ibn Qudamah, Hanbali), al-Majmu' (al-Nawawi, Shafi'i), Bada'i' al-Sana'i' (al-Kasani, Hanafi), and Bidayat al-Mujtahid (Ibn Rushd, comparative Maliki).
None of this is a substitute for a qualified teacher. If you are about to perform Hajj, please find a knowledgeable scholar in your community to walk you through the rituals at least once.
Technical references
- Prayer times. Calculated via the Aladhan API, supporting seven calculation methods (ISNA, MWL, Umm al-Qura, Egyptian, Karachi, Gulf, UOIF).
- Qibla bearing. Calculated client-side using the great-circle bearing from your reported coordinates to the Kaaba (lat 21.4225, lon 39.8262).
- Reverse geocoding for the prayer-times page uses the OpenStreetMap Nominatim service.
Notice an error?
We take this seriously. If you spot an inaccurate citation, a wrong attribution, or a dua we should not have published, write to contact@tawaaf.com with the URL and the issue. We aim to correct verified errors within seven days.